The four stages of competence is a learning model that relates to the psychological states in the process of progression. According to the model, you move from unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence. The learner or the trainee passes through the conscious competencies stage 1. During this stage, the learner or the trainee has no conscious knowledge about the subject.

In the first stage, the learner or the trainee in essence has no assets or significant abilities. Next, the learner or the trainee moves from stage 1 to stage 2. Again the learner or the trainee has no significant abilities and no assets.

Next, the learner or the trainee reaches the conscious competence stage. In this stage, the learner or the trainee has some cognitive abilities about the subject. However, the individual’s interests are very basic and little related to the subject.

The last stage of incompetency is unconscious competence. In this stage, the trainee or the person has some abilities about the subject. This ability to have some abilities about the subject gives him or her some conscious knowledge about the subject.

The trainees or subjects are all in the process of evolving from stage 1 to stage 2 and conscious incompetence to unconscious competence. It is quite possible that a person crosses from stage 1 to 2 and from stage 2 to 3. It happens from time to time but the majority of the time this crossing is gradual.

The brain is not a simple machine that can be set to m tumble over any wall but it does have certain pathways. The pathways are connected to our nervous system as subjects move through the stages. It means that a person who has not enough cognitive abilities can not move from stage 1 to 2 or 3. The brain of a person with enough cognitive abilities is automatically balanced because at each stage the brain receives certain random information.

Cognitive Abilities: The different abilities of man are divided as follows:

* Conscious incompetence: Conscious incompetence is when the person knows about a very small or trivial matter about the subject. This is due to the direct or indirect instruction of the instructor.

* Conscious competence: Conscious competence is when the person knows about a very large or crucial matter about the subject. This is due to the indirect or direct instruction of the instructor.

* Competent incompetence: Competent incompetence is when the person knows about a very small or trivial matter about the subject and does not adequately handle or perform the task. This is due to a severe fault of the person.

* Conscious incompetence: Conscious incompetence is when the person knows about a very large or crucial matter about the subject and does not adequately handle or perform the task. This is due to a very serious defect in the person’s personality.

* Impaired competence: Impaired competence is when the person knows about a very small or trivial matter about the subject and cannot perform the task directly or indirectly. This is a major defect in the person’s personality.

* Failure to cope: Failure to cope is when the person is unable to deal with the environment properly due to overwhelming handicaps.

* Phobia: Phobia is a fear of something that is feared.

Ceremonies and rituals in different cultures of different countries:

The cultures to have different approaches to the rituals and customs. Below mentioned are some of the common ones:

1. In some cultures, different individuals are given different names depending on the name given by each person. An example of this is, Aigo, Inorg, and Torrance.

2. In some cultures, different things or objects are symbolized with different names. Let us observe the meaning of the word shopper. In Japan, the word shopper is derived from OSKORU, a place in the province of Osan. The province of Osan is the place where my father who left Japan to become a mailman learned to speak English. He adapted the word ‘OSKORU’ in English.

3. In some cultures, a person is a mascot by a name he/she picked up from socialization. In the place of socialization, people follow the way of the people of the old culture. In other words, a person is Uncle Tom, Aunt Tom, or Koizumi.

4. In some cultures, a person is known by a name he/she acquired from nature. In the place of nature, people pay attention to the stars and to the animals and birds. In some cultures, people believed that animals and birds were responsible for their health. Even in our civilization, people believed that their gods took care of people.

5. In some cultures, a person was named after an animal. Bear was the favorite animal. Because the bear was pure and easily loved, it was considered the symbol of goodness, courageousness, and benevolence.